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Gene Protection Initiative
The Gene Protection Initiative (Genschutzinitiative) was an initiative in Switzerland in 1998 which proposed to ban the patenting of transgenic organisms and scientific research using transgenic animals. It was rejected in a constitutional referendum
==Background==
The initiative followed a successful, less controversial initiative (the Beobachter Initiative) in 1992, which placed stricter control on biotechnology in human reproductive medicine. The referendum was defeated with 1,250,000 (66.7%) against, and 625000 (33.3%) in favour; the turnout was 41%.〔 The initiative was strongly opposed by Swiss scientists and pharmaceutical companies.〔 In May 1998, 3,000 opponents of the initiative, including scientists and others, attended a protest march in Zurich.〔 Four of Switzerland's five Nobel laureates held a press conference to express their opposition to the referendum.〔 According to Heidi Diggelmann, head of the Swiss National Science Foundation's Research Council, "Scientists made a difference in this campaign by getting out of their labs and establishing a dialogue with the Swiss people. We now want to continue improving that relationship between Swiss science and society".〔 Jakob Nuesch, former president of the Federal Institute of Technology, said that a yes vote would have put the research base of Switzerland under threat, and that: "research in plant genetics, including the modern seed industry, could be killed off". Prior to the vote, the Swiss government tried to strengthen the pre-existing rules on genetic engineering in an attempt to pre-empt the vote.
The beginnings of the movement to have a referendum on the issue were in autumn 1994, when a working group was set up which started to collect signatures for an initiative. 17 months later, over 110,000 signatures were collected, exceeding the requirement that 100,000 signatures must be collected within 18 months for an initiative to be valid.〔 The initiative was supported by a number of organizations, including Physicians Against Animal Experimentation, Greenpeace Switzerland, and the World Wildlife Fund Switzerland.〔 The referendum was scheduled for June 6 and 7, 1998, and campaigning started in 1996.〔 Early in 1996, an opinion poll was conducted on the public's support for gene technology, of those who expressed an opinion, over 70% rejected the technology.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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